Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness

This is the official MAIA website with the most current version of the questionnaire and links to related articles. The questionnaire development was funded by the National Institute of Health (NCCAM/NCCIH) and is public domain. Copyright is with the University of California, San Francisco, and the application of the questionnaire (or parts of it) assumes the user’s agreement with the Permission and Copyright terms on page 2 of the questionnaire.

The Questionnaire
Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA)

Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2  (MAIA-2)

Original Articles
Mehling WE, Price C, Daubenmier JJ, Acree M, Bartmess E, Stewart A. (2012) The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA). PLoS ONE 7(11): e48230. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048230
The open-access website

Mehling WE, Acree M, Stewart A, Silas J, Jones A (2018) The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (MAIA-2). PLoS ONE 13(12): e0208034.
The open-access website

Jones A, Silas J, Todd J, Stewart A, Acree M, Coulson M, Mehling WE (2020) Exploring the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness in youth aged 7–17 years. Journal of Clinical Psychology. doi: 10.1002/jclp.23067
The open-access website

Book Chapter
Mehling WE, Todd J, Schuman-Olivier Z: Multidisciplinary Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (MAIA-2); in: Medvedev, O.N., Krägeloh, C.U., Siegert, R.J., Singh, N.N. (eds) Handbook of Assessment in Mindfulness Research. Springer, Cham. 
The open-access website

Related Publications
For the development and validation of the questionnaire, additional related publications:

  • Chapman, H.E., Stewart, A.E. Interoceptive awareness in a Southeastern US college sample: validation of the multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness – version 2. BMC Res Notes 17, 236 (2024).
    Link
  • Rogowska AM, Tataruch R, Klimowsk K (2023) Validation of the shortened 24‑item multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness, version 2 (Brief MAIA‑2). Nature portfolio Scientific Reports 13:21270; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48536-0
    Link
  • Blackwood J, Carpentier S, Deng W, Van de Winckel A (2023) Preliminary Rasch analysis of the multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness in adults with stroke. PLoS ONE 18(6): e0286657. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286657
    Link
  • Desmedt O, Heeren A, Corneille O, Luminet O (2022) What do measures of self-report interoception measure? Insights from a systematic review, latent factor analysis, and network approach. Biological Psychology: 169, 108289.
    Link
  • Ferentzi E, Olaru G, Geiger M, Vig L, Köteles F, Wilhelm O (2021) Examining the factor structure and validity of the multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness. Journal of Personality Assessment 103:5, 675-684.
    Link
  • Freedman A, Hu H, Liu ITHC, Stewart AL, Adler S, Mehling WE (2020) Similarities and Differences in Interoceptive Bodily Awareness Between US-American and Japanese Cultures: A Focus-Group Study in Bicultural Japanese Americans. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry. 
    Link
  • Reis D (2017) Further insight into the German version of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA). Exploratory and Bayesian structural equation modeling approaches. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 
    Link
  • Mehling WE, Chesney MA, …, Neylan TC (2017) A 12-week integrative exercise program improves self-reported mindfulness and interoceptive awareness in war veterans with posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2017;1-12
    Link
  • Adam W. Hanley, Wolf E. Mehling, Eric L. Garland (2017) Holding the body in mind: Interoceptive awareness, dispositional mindfulness and psychological well-being. Journal of Psychosomatic Research
    Link
  • Joana Machorrinho, Inês Rosário, Maria do Céu Marques, José Marmeleira (2017) Aplicações do Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA): revisão sistemática. Revista Ibero-Americana de Saude e Envelhecimento
    Link
  • Tiffany A. Brown, Laura A. Berner, et al (2017) Psychometric Evaluation and Norms for the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) in a Clinical Eating Disorders Sample. European Eating Disorders Review
    Link
  • Mehling W. (2016)  Differentiating attention styles and regulatory aspects of self-reported interoceptive sensibility. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 371: 20160013.
    Link
  • Bornemann B, Herbert BM, Mehling WE, Singer T. (2015) Differential changes in self-reported aspects of interoceptive awareness through 3 months of contemplative training. Frontiers in Psychology 5:1504. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01504
    Link
  • Mehling WE, Daubenmier J, Price CJ, Acree M, Bartmess E, Stewart AL (2013) Self-reported interoceptive awareness in primary care patients with past or current low back pain. Journal of Pain Research 2013:6, 403 – 418
    Link
  • Mehling WE, Wrubel J, Daubenmier JJ, Price C, Kerr CE, Silow T, Gopisetty V, Stewart AL (2011) Body Awareness: a phenomenological inquiry into the common ground of mind-body therapies. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 6:6. doi:10.1186/1747-5341-6-6
    The open access website
  • Mehling WE, Gopisetty V, Daubenmier J, Price CJ, Hecht FM, Stewart A. (2009) Body Awareness: Construct and Self-Report Measures. PLoS ONE 4(5): e5614. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005614
    The open access website

Conference Posters

  • Mehling, WE: Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA), poster presented at International Congress for Integrative Health and Medicine, May 2018, Baltimore MD
  • Mehling WE, Price CJ, Daubenmier JJ, Acree M, Bartmess E, Stewart A (2014) Body Awareness and the Practice of Yoga or Meditation in 443 Primary Care Patients with Past or Current Low Back Pain. Poster presented at the International Research Congress on Integrative Medicine and Health (IRCIMH) Miami, FL
  • Mehling, WE: Interoceptive Awareness in Studies of Mind-Body Therapies: a Review of Research Studies. Poster presented at the XII European Congress of Integrative Medicine, Barcelona, Spain, Sept 2019

Translations

The questionnaire is also being translated into Hindu, Slovenian, and Urdu. A Swedish, Chinese, and Thai MAIA-2 is in preparation.

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